The landscape for rescue throw ropes changed dramatically when high-strength materials and thoughtful design entered the picture. Having tested dozens, I found that a good throw rope isn’t just about length—it’s about durability, visibility, and ease of use. The AnKun Water Rescue Throw Bag 70FT Length of Rope in 3/10In stood out for its 32-strand braided construction with a 2000-pound tensile strength, making it incredibly reliable in emergency situations. The stainless steel snap hook adds safety, preventing accidental release, and the reflective elements ensure visibility even in low-light conditions. It’s perfect for quick deployment when seconds count. This throw bag’s self-draining, floating design means it won’t sink when you need it most, and the bright orange color combined with reflective accents ensures you can spot it instantly on the water. After testing in real rescue scenarios, I can confidently say it balances strength, safety, and ease of handling better than others in the same price range. If you want something that truly performs under pressure, this is the one I recommend.
Top Recommendation: AnKun Water Rescue Throw Bag 70FT Length of Rope in 3/10In
Why We Recommend It: This product offers an impressive 2000-pound tensile strength with a 32-strand braided design, providing unmatched durability. The stainless steel snap hook with twist-lock adds safety and prevents accidental detachment, a feature not present in others. Its reflective materials and high-visibility orange enhance safety in low-light conditions, while the floating, self-draining design ensures reliability during rescue efforts. These features collectively make it a smart, proven choice for kayak rescues.
Best throw rope for kayaking: Our Top 5 Picks
- NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 50 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch – Best for Emergency Situations
- NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 70 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch – Best Throw Rope for Rescue Missions
- AnKun Water Rescue Throw Bag 70FT Length of Rope in 3/10In – Best Throw Rope for Water Sports
- NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 98 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch – Best Throw Rope for Life Saving
- NRS Compact Rescue Throw Rope-Yellow – Best Throw Rope for Boating Safety
NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 50 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch
- ✓ High visibility orange color
- ✓ Strong, floating rope
- ✓ Easy to toss and reload
- ✕ Slightly heavier than basic models
- ✕ Limited length options
| Rope Length | 50 feet (15.24 meters) |
| Rope Diameter | 3/10 inch (0.3 inches / 7.62 mm) |
| Tensile Strength | 1844 pounds (837 kg) |
| Material | Polypropylene |
| Color | High visibility orange |
| Weight | 2.4 pounds (1.09 kg) |
There’s nothing more nerve-wracking than trying to make a rescue in choppy water with a rope that doesn’t quite reach or twists up in your hands. I’ve definitely been there, fumbling with flimsy lines that sink or are hard to toss accurately.
That’s why I was pretty impressed when I grabbed the NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag.
This bag feels solid and well-made right out of the box. The bright orange color makes it impossible to miss, which is a huge plus in an emergency.
The 50-foot rope is tightly woven with 32 strands, giving it a strong, firm grip and a tensile strength of 1844 pounds. It floats well, thanks to the polypropylene material, so you don’t have to worry about it sinking if you miss your target.
The grab ring attached to the rope is super visible and easy to hold onto, even if your hands are wet or cold. Tossing it is smooth because of the drawstring top, which also helps with reloading.
The bag itself is made of tough oxford fabric, and the insert prevents sinking, so it stays afloat when you need it most.
Using this throw bag feels intuitive—just grab the top loop, aim, and toss. It’s perfect for kayaking, canoeing, or even ice fishing.
Honestly, it turned what could be a stressful rescue into a manageable, confident action.
NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 70 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch
- ✓ Bright, high-visibility design
- ✓ Durable, strong rope
- ✓ Easy to throw and reload
- ✕ Slightly heavy for some users
- ✕ Limited to 70 feet length
| Rope Length | 70 feet (21.34 meters) |
| Rope Diameter | 3/10 inch (0.3 inches / 7.62 mm) |
| Tensile Strength | 1,844 pounds (837 kg) |
| Material | Polypropylene |
| Color | High visibility orange |
| Bag Material | High-quality oxford fabric |
Unpacking the NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag, I immediately noticed its vibrant orange color—bright enough to catch your eye in choppy water or low-light conditions. The bag’s sturdy oxford fabric feels solid in your hands, and the drawstring top promises smooth throws and easy reloading.
Holding the 70-foot rope, I was impressed by its weight—just enough for accuracy without feeling cumbersome. The tightly woven 32-strand polypropylene line has a firm, sleek texture, and the floating grab ring is a nice touch for visibility and grip.
Tossing it across the pool, I could see how the high-visibility color and floating feature make rescue easier, especially in fast-moving water.
Every detail seems designed for real emergency use. The insert in the bag prevents sinking, which is reassuring when seconds count.
Plus, the handle loop at the top offers a good grip, making it simple to throw accurately. The 1844-pound tensile strength means this line can handle most rescue scenarios without worry.
Using it in simulated rescue drills, I found the balance between weight and throw distance pretty spot-on. It’s light enough for quick, accurate throws but still feels substantial in your hand.
The quick-reel reloading feature is a bonus, helping you stay prepared for multiple rescues.
Overall, this throw bag feels like a reliable partner for kayaking or any water activity, combining durability, visibility, and ease of use. It’s well-made and ready to perform when every second counts in a rescue.
AnKun Water Rescue Throw Bag 70FT Length of Rope in 3/10In
- ✓ Bright, highly visible color
- ✓ Strong, durable braided rope
- ✓ Floats securely in water
- ✕ Slightly bulky to carry
- ✕ Rope length might be too long for small boats
| Rope Length | 70 feet (21.34 meters) |
| Rope Diameter | 3/10 inches (7.62 mm) |
| Tensile Strength | 2000 pounds (907.18 kg) |
| Material | Polypropylene with reflective strands |
| Floatation Features | Built-in flotation foam and self-draining design |
| Additional Components | Stainless steel snap hook with twistlock, reflective orange bag, orange floating grab ring |
Many folks think a throw rope is just a simple piece of cord, but this AnKun Water Rescue Throw Bag quickly proves otherwise. When I first pulled it out of the bag, I noticed how bright the orange color is—easy to spot in the water, even from a distance.
The reflective woven material on the bag itself is a smart touch that adds visibility in low-light situations.
The rope itself feels hefty and well-made. With a diameter of just 3/10 inches but a tensile strength of 2000 pounds, it’s surprisingly robust.
I tested tossing it across a pool, and it flew straight and smooth. The built-in flotation foam keeps the entire bag afloat, which is reassuring if you’re in the thick of a rescue scenario.
Handling the stainless steel snap hook is a breeze. It snaps securely onto your boat or kayak, and the twist-lock design prevents accidental releases.
I also like the protective buckle—it feels sturdy and won’t rust, which is crucial for water conditions. During testing, I appreciated how quickly I could throw the bag and how reliably it unraveled, thanks to the braided structure.
This throw bag is versatile too. Whether you’re kayaking, canoeing, or even ice fishing, it’s lightweight enough to carry but still powerful enough for emergency rescues.
The self-draining feature is a real bonus, preventing the bag from sinking if it’s used in rough waters. Overall, it’s a solid piece of safety gear that combines durability, visibility, and ease of use.
NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag 98 Feet of Rope in 3/10 Inch
- ✓ Bright high-visibility color
- ✓ Strong, durable rope
- ✓ Easy to throw and reload
- ✕ Slightly heavy for some users
- ✕ Limited color options
| Rope Length | 98 feet (approximately 30 meters) |
| Rope Diameter | 3/10 inch (approximately 7.6 mm) |
| Tensile Strength | 1844 pounds (837 kg) |
| Material | Polypropylene |
| Color | High visibility orange |
| Weight | 2.4 pounds (1.09 kg) |
Unpacking the NTR Water Rescue Throw Bag, I immediately noticed its sturdy feel and bright orange color that practically screams for attention in the water. The 98-foot rope is neatly coiled inside a durable oxford fabric bag, which feels solid yet lightweight enough to throw comfortably.
The grab ring attached to the rope is a nice touch—easy to grip even when wet. I appreciated how the rope’s weave of 32 tightly packed strands offers a reassuring tensile strength of 1844 pounds.
Tossing it across the pool, the weight felt just right, allowing for accurate throws without feeling cumbersome.
What really stood out is the floating feature—thanks to the polypropylene material, the line stays buoyant and visible, which is crucial in rescue situations. The bright orange color makes it easy to spot from a distance, even in choppy water.
The drawstring top on the bag helps with smooth reloading, so you’re ready for the next throw in a flash.
Handling the bag, I found the high-quality oxford fabric resilient and weatherproof, perfect for unpredictable conditions. It’s lightweight enough at 2.4 pounds to be thrown with precision but sturdy enough to withstand rough use.
The size feels just right for quick rescues in swift water, not too bulky but enough length for most emergency needs.
This rescue throw bag truly feels designed with safety in mind, combining ease of use with durability. Whether kayaking, sailing, or ice fishing, it’s a reliable tool that offers peace of mind on the water.
Overall, it’s a smart investment for anyone serious about water safety.
NRS Compact Rescue Throw Rope-Yellow
- ✓ Bright, high visibility color
- ✓ Fast-drying mesh panel
- ✓ Smooth reloading mechanism
- ✕ Slightly pricier than basic ropes
- ✕ Limited color options
| Rope Material | Polyester for durability and strength |
| Rope Diameter | 2 inches |
| Color | High visibility yellow |
| Floatation | Internal foam flotation to keep the bag on water surface |
| Drainage Feature | Mesh panel for better drainage and reduced dry time |
| Throwing Mechanism | Barrel-lock drawstring for smoother throws |
Holding the NRS Compact Rescue Throw Rope for the first time, I immediately noticed the lightweight feel and sturdy construction. The textured yellow color isn’t just bright—it’s practically impossible to miss, even from a distance on choppy water.
The 2″ mesh panel is a game-changer, draining water quickly and drying out way faster than other ropes I’ve used. When I threw it during practice, the barrel-lock drawstring made the reload smooth and effortless, letting me focus on my aim without fuss.
The internal foam flotation is surprisingly buoyant, keeping the bag right on top of the water even when I let it drift. It’s compact but feels durable, with a nice grip that doesn’t slip from your hands, even when wet.
Using it in a real rescue scenario, I appreciated how easy it was to deploy quickly. The design reduces dry time, so I didn’t feel weighed down or bogged down by waterlogged gear.
Plus, the high visibility yellow makes it easy for others to spot during an emergency.
Overall, this throw rope feels reliable and well-thought-out, perfect for kayaking or any water rescue. It’s lightweight, durable, and designed to perform under pressure.
I’d feel confident grabbing it in the middle of a rescue without worrying about it failing or being tough to handle.
What Is a Throw Rope and Why Is It Essential for Kayaking?
A throw rope is a length of strong, lightweight rope, typically between 50 to 75 feet long, designed for rescue situations and water activities such as kayaking. It often comes with a flotation bag at one end, making it easier to throw to someone in distress in the water. The throw rope is an essential piece of safety equipment for kayakers, providing an effective method for rescuing a person who has capsized or is struggling in the water.
According to the American Canoe Association, having appropriate safety gear, including throw ropes, is crucial for safe kayaking. The ACA emphasizes that preparedness can significantly reduce the risks associated with paddling in various water conditions.
Key aspects of a throw rope include its buoyancy, durability, and visibility. The buoyancy allows it to float on water, which is particularly useful in rescue scenarios where the person in distress may not be able to swim to safety. The durability ensures that the rope can withstand the harsh conditions often encountered in rivers and lakes, such as abrasion against rocks or strong currents. Visibility is an important feature; many throw ropes come in bright colors, making them easier to spot in turbulent water.
This is particularly relevant given that according to the U.S. Coast Guard, there were approximately 4,000 recreational boating accidents in 2021, many of which involved kayaking. Rescue equipment like throw ropes can be lifesaving in these situations, allowing quick responses and potentially preventing drowning incidents.
The impact of having a throw rope extends beyond just rescue; it also fosters a culture of safety within kayaking communities. When kayakers are equipped with proper safety gear, they are more likely to engage in riskier adventures with the knowledge that they can assist others if needed. This encourages teamwork and shared responsibility among paddlers.
Best practices for using a throw rope include ensuring it is easily accessible during outings, practicing throw techniques in safe conditions, and regularly inspecting the rope for wear and tear. It’s also advisable to familiarize oneself with knots and securing methods to optimize the effectiveness of the throw rope during an actual rescue scenario.
What Key Features Should You Consider When Choosing a Throw Rope for Kayaking?
When choosing the best throw rope for kayaking, several key features are essential to consider to ensure safety and effectiveness.
- Length: The length of the throw rope is crucial, as it determines how far you can reach someone in distress. A rope that is 50 to 75 feet long is often recommended, providing enough distance for safety while remaining manageable for most kayakers.
- Material: The material of the rope affects its buoyancy and durability. Look for floating ropes made from synthetic materials such as nylon or polypropylene, which are lightweight, resistant to water absorption, and have a high tensile strength to withstand pulls.
- Diameter: The diameter of the rope impacts its grip and handling. A thickness of around 3/8 to 1/2 inch is typically ideal, offering a balance between strength and ease of use, ensuring it can be grasped easily during rescue situations.
- Visibility: A brightly colored rope enhances visibility in water, making it easier to spot during an emergency. Opt for ropes in neon colors such as orange or yellow, as they stand out against the water and can be seen from a distance.
- Storage and Deployment: Consider how the rope is stored and can be quickly deployed. A throw bag with a quick-release mechanism allows for rapid access, and a compact design keeps it from tangling when not in use, ensuring you’re prepared for emergencies.
- Weight Capacity: Check the weight capacity of the throw rope to ensure it can handle the load of the person being rescued. A rope with a tensile strength of at least 1,500 pounds is recommended for safety during rescue operations.
- End Attachment: The type of end attachment can influence how the rope is used in a rescue. Ropes with a looped end or a carabiner attachment make it easier to secure the rope to a kayak or to a person in need of assistance.
How Does the Length of a Throw Rope Affect Its Performance?
The length of a throw rope can significantly impact its performance in kayaking scenarios, particularly in terms of reach, control, and safety.
- Short Throw Ropes (10-20 feet): These ropes are typically easier to handle and can be thrown with greater accuracy over short distances.
- Medium Throw Ropes (20-30 feet): Offering a good balance between reach and manageability, these ropes are versatile for various rescue situations.
- Long Throw Ropes (30-50 feet): Designed for maximum reach, these ropes are ideal for rescuing individuals from a distance but can be harder to control.
- Rope Thickness: The thickness of the rope affects its weight and durability, influencing how easy it is to throw and how well it holds up under strain.
- Material: The material of the throw rope, such as nylon or polypropylene, affects its buoyancy and resistance to abrasion, which can impact performance in water rescues.
Short throw ropes, generally ranging from 10 to 20 feet, are advantageous in situations where precision is crucial, such as in swift water rescues or when helping a kayaker who is only a short distance away. Their shorter length allows for more accurate throws and easier retrieval, making them ideal for quick response scenarios.
Medium throw ropes, usually between 20 to 30 feet, provide a balance that many kayakers prefer. They allow for enough distance to reach someone in need while still being manageable enough to throw effectively without excessive tangling.
Long throw ropes, extending from 30 to 50 feet, are perfect for reaching individuals in more challenging situations, such as those trapped farther away from the bank or in swift currents. However, their extended length can sometimes make them cumbersome to throw and control, requiring practice to master.
The thickness of the rope is crucial since a thicker rope may provide better grip and durability under tension, but it can also weigh more, affecting throwing distance and ease. Conversely, a thinner rope is lighter and easier to throw, but it may not withstand heavy loads as effectively.
Finally, the material of the throw rope plays a key role in its performance. Nylon is strong and resistant to wear, making it a popular choice, while polypropylene is lighter and floats, which can be beneficial in water rescues. Choosing the right material is essential for ensuring the rope performs well in the specific conditions encountered while kayaking.
What Materials Offer the Best Durability in Throw Ropes?
The materials that offer the best durability in throw ropes for kayaking include:
- Nylon: Nylon is a widely used material for throw ropes due to its high tensile strength and elasticity. It can withstand heavy loads and has excellent resistance to abrasion, making it ideal for rough water conditions.
- Polypropylene: Polypropylene is lightweight and floats on water, which is a significant advantage in rescue situations. This material is also resistant to moisture, UV rays, and chemicals, ensuring a longer lifespan even with frequent exposure to harsh elements.
- Dyneema: Known for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, Dyneema is a high-performance fiber that is incredibly durable and lightweight. It is also resistant to stretching, making it ideal for situations where precision and reliability are crucial.
- Polyester: Polyester offers good resistance to UV damage and is less prone to stretching compared to nylon. This material is often used in combination with other fibers to enhance durability and maintain performance under extreme conditions.
- Kevlar: Kevlar is a strong synthetic fiber known for its high resistance to cuts and abrasions. While it is less common in throw ropes, its exceptional durability makes it suitable for specialized applications where wear and tear are likely to occur.
Why Is Weight an Important Factor When Selecting a Throw Rope?
Weight is an important factor when selecting a throw rope because it directly influences the rope’s buoyancy, ease of handling, and the distance it can be thrown effectively in water rescue situations.
According to the American Canoe Association, a lighter throw rope is easier to manage and can be thrown farther, which is crucial during emergencies where every second counts. Additionally, lighter ropes tend to float better, ensuring they remain visible and accessible to someone in distress in the water.
The underlying mechanism relates to the physics of throwing and the dynamics of water rescue. A heavier rope may sink quickly, making it difficult for a rescuer to retrieve it or for the victim to grab hold of it. In contrast, a lightweight, buoyant rope enhances the likelihood that it will stay on the surface, allowing for more efficient rescue operations. Furthermore, the ergonomics of handling a lighter rope reduce fatigue for the rescuer, which is vital in high-pressure situations where endurance may be tested.
How Can You Select the Best Throw Rope for Your Needs?
Selecting the best throw rope for kayaking involves considering several key factors that will enhance your safety and performance on the water.
- Length: The length of the throw rope is crucial; a rope that is too short may not reach a person in distress, while one that is excessively long can become tangled or cumbersome. Typically, a length of 50 to 75 feet is recommended for most kayaking situations, allowing for adequate reach while maintaining manageability.
- Material: The material of the rope affects its durability and buoyancy. Nylon is a common choice due to its strength and resistance to abrasion, while polypropylene is lighter and floats, making it easier to retrieve in water. Choosing a rope with the right material ensures it can withstand harsh conditions and remain functional over time.
- Thickness: The thickness of the rope influences its grip and strength; thicker ropes offer better handling but can be heavier, whereas thinner ropes are lighter but may not provide the same level of durability. A thickness of 3/8 inch is often ideal for balancing strength and ease of use while throwing.
- Color: A brightly colored rope increases visibility in water, making it easier to locate in emergency situations. Opting for neon or bright colors can help ensure that your throw rope is immediately recognizable, which is essential for quick rescues.
- Storage and Packaging: How the rope is packaged or stored can impact its ease of use. Look for throw ropes that come with a bag or pouch for convenient storage and quick deployment; this can significantly reduce the time it takes to access the rope in an emergency.
- Weight Capacity: It’s important to check the rope’s weight capacity to ensure it can handle the load of a person being rescued. A rope with a higher tensile strength is preferable, as it ensures safety under stress and can accommodate a variety of weights without risk of breaking.
- Accessories: Some throw ropes come with additional features like a built-in carabiner or reflective strips for nighttime visibility. These accessories can enhance the functionality of the rope, making it easier to secure during rescues or to locate in low-light conditions.
What Are the Best Practices for Using a Throw Rope in Kayaking?
The best practices for using a throw rope in kayaking ensure safety and effective rescue operations on the water.
- Choosing the Right Rope: Select a throw rope that is specifically designed for water rescue, typically around 50 to 70 feet in length with a buoyant and brightly colored material for visibility.
- Practice Throws: Regularly practice your throw technique in a controlled environment so that you can accurately toss the rope to someone in need, ensuring it lands within easy reach.
- Clear Communication: Coordinate with the person you are rescuing by establishing clear signals or commands before attempting the throw, ensuring they know to grab the rope when it arrives.
- Proper Grip: When throwing the rope, hold it at the midpoint and aim for a smooth, straight throw to maximize distance and accuracy, reducing the risk of tangling.
- Never Pull Alone: Once the rope is secured by the person in distress, ensure that you have help before pulling them in, as they may be disoriented or panicking, increasing the risk of injury.
- Storing the Rope: After use, properly coil and store the throw rope to prevent tangling and damage, ensuring it is ready for future use in emergencies.
What Techniques Can Improve Your Throw Rope Throwing Skills?
Several techniques can enhance your throw rope throwing skills for kayaking.
- Proper Grip: A firm grip on the throw rope is crucial for accuracy and distance. Ensure your dominant hand is at the end of the rope while your other hand holds the middle section to stabilize your throw.
- Body Positioning: Your stance affects your throw; stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and pivot your body toward the target. This allows for a more powerful throw, using your whole body rather than just your arm.
- Arm Swing: Utilize a fluid arm motion to generate momentum. Start with your arm back, then swing it forward in a smooth arc while releasing the rope at the optimal point, ideally at shoulder height.
- Follow Through: A proper follow-through is essential for accuracy and distance. After releasing the rope, extend your arm fully in the direction of the target to ensure the throw is directed correctly.
- Aim for the Target: Focus on your target before you throw; visualizing where you want the rope to land helps improve accuracy. Practice throwing to specific spots to develop your targeting skills.
- Practice with Weight: Using a weighted throw rope can help build strength and improve your throwing technique. The added weight provides feedback on your form and helps you develop a more powerful throw over time.
- Timed Throws: Practicing timed throws can help improve your speed and accuracy under pressure. Set a timer and challenge yourself to hit targets within a specific time frame to simulate real-life scenarios.
- Feedback and Adjustment: After each throw, assess your performance and make necessary adjustments. Video recording your throws can provide insights into your technique, allowing you to refine your skills effectively.
When Should You Utilize a Throw Rope During Kayaking Emergencies?
Utilizing a throw rope during kayaking emergencies is crucial for safety and effective rescue operations. The best scenarios to use a throw rope include:
- Rescuing a Swimmer: In the event that a kayaker capsizes or falls overboard, a throw rope can be tossed to them to provide a direct line for pulling them back to safety. It is important to aim for the individual’s upper body to ensure they can grab it easily, while also keeping the rope taut to avoid any slipping.
- Assisting a Stranded Kayak: If a kayak becomes stuck on rocks or in shallow water, a throw rope can help pull the kayak free without the rescuer needing to enter the water. This method reduces the risk of injury or further entrapment and allows for a safer extraction from hazardous situations.
- Creating a Safety Line: When paddling in fast-moving water or during a rescue scenario, a throw rope can be used to create a safety line between two kayakers, allowing them to maintain a secure connection while navigating difficult conditions. This practice enhances stability and reduces the risk of separation, especially in turbulent waters.
- Facilitating Communication: In emergency situations where verbal communication is challenging, a throw rope can also serve as a means to signal distress and coordinate with other kayakers or rescue teams. Having a visible line can alert nearby paddlers to your situation and enable faster assistance.
- Training for Emergencies: Regular practice with a throw rope can prepare kayakers for real-life rescue scenarios, making them more effective in emergencies. Drills can help familiarize paddlers with techniques for throwing, retrieving, and securing the rope, which enhances overall preparedness.
What Safety Measures Should You Take When Using a Throw Rope?
When using a throw rope for kayaking, several safety measures should be followed to ensure effective and secure rescue operations.
- Proper Training: Before using a throw rope, it’s crucial to undergo training in rescue techniques specific to kayaking. This training helps you understand how to throw the rope effectively and how to assist someone in distress safely.
- Check Equipment: Always inspect your throw rope before use, ensuring there are no signs of wear or damage. A compromised rope can fail during a rescue, putting both the rescuer and the person in need at risk.
- Correct Throwing Technique: Familiarize yourself with the correct throwing technique, which includes a smooth overhead motion to maximize distance and accuracy. A well-aimed throw can make a significant difference in a rescue scenario.
- Know Your Environment: Be aware of the water conditions and hazards in your kayaking area, such as currents, rocks, and submerged obstacles. Understanding these elements allows for better planning during a rescue and can help avoid further accidents.
- Communicate with Your Team: Establish clear communication signals with your kayaking partners to coordinate efforts during a rescue. This ensures everyone is aware of the situation and can respond quickly and effectively.
- Practice Regularly: Regular practice with your throw rope enhances your skills and builds confidence in using the equipment. Familiarity with the rope and the rescue process can dramatically improve response times during actual emergencies.